|
Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine is a modern phenomenon which has been influenced by the ancient Indian practice of hatha yoga. It involves holding stretches as a kind of low-impact physical exercise, and is often used for therapeutic purposes.〔McCall, Timothy (2007). ''Yoga as Medicine: the yogic prescription for health and healing: a yoga journal book'', p. xvii. Bantam, New York. ISBN 978-0-553-38406-2〕〔Ross, A.; Thomas, S. (2010). "(The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise: A Review of Comparison Studies. )" ''The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine''. January 2010, 16(1): 3–12..〕 Yoga in this sense often occurs in a class and may involve meditation, imagery, breath work and music. Both the meditative and the exercise components of hatha yoga have been researched for both specific and non-specific health benefits. Hatha yoga has been studied as an intervention for many conditions, including back pain, stress, and depression.〔 A survey released in December 2008 by the US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health found that hatha yoga was the sixth most commonly used alternative therapy in the United States during 2007, with 6.1 percent of the population participating.〔Barnes, P. M.; Bloom, B.; Nahin, R. (CDC National Health Statistics Report #12. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults and Children: United States, 2007 )〕 == Background and overview == (詳細はHindu philosophy. The first Hindu teacher to actively advocate and disseminate aspects of yoga to a western audience was Swami Vivekananda, who toured Europe and the United States in the 1890s〔Shaw, Eric. ''35 mOMents'', ''Yoga Journal'', 2010-09.〕 (however, Vivekananda put little emphasis on the physical practices of Hatha Yoga in his teachings). The physical asanas of hatha yoga have a tradition that goes back to at least the 15th century, but they were not widely practiced in India prior to the early 20th century. Hatha yoga was advocated by a number of late 19th to early 20th century gurus in India, including Tirumalai Krishnamacharya in south India, Swami Sivananda in the north, Sri Yogendra in Bombay, and Swami Kuvalayananda in Lonavala, near Bombay. In 1918, Pierre Bernard, the first famous American yogi, opened the Clarkstown Country Club, a controversial retreat center for well-to-do yoga students, in New York State. In the 1960s, several yoga teachers, most notably B.K.S. Iyengar, K. Pattabhi Jois, Swami Vishnu-devananda, and Swami Satchidananda became active and popular in the West.〔〔Silva, Mira, and Mehta, Shyam. (1995). ''Yoga the Iyengar Way'', p. 9. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 978-0-89381-731-2〕〔Desikachar, T. K. V. (2005). ''Health, healing and beyond: Yoga and the living tradition of Krishnamacharya'', (cover jacket text). Aperture, US. ISBN 978-0-89381-731-2〕 A hatha "yoga boom" followed in the 1980s, as Dean Ornish, MD, a medical researcher and follower of Swami Satchidananda, connected hatha yoga to heart health, legitimizing hatha yoga as a purely physical system of health exercises outside of counter culture or esotericism circles, and unconnected to a religious denomination.〔 Since then, hatha yoga has been used as supplementary therapy for diverse conditions such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, and AIDS.〔Barnes, P.; Powell-Griner, E.; McFann, K.; Nahin, R. (CDC Advance Data Report #343. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults: United States, 2002 )〕 The more classical approaches of hatha yoga, such as Iyengar Yoga, move at a more deliberate pace, emphasize proper alignment and execution and hold asanas for a longer time. They aim to gradually improve flexibility, balance, and strength. Other approaches, such as Ashtanga or Power Yoga, shift between asanas quickly and energetically. More recently, contemporary approaches to yoga, developed by Vanda Scaravelli and others, invite students to become their own authority in yoga practice by offering principle-based approaches to yoga that can be applied to any form.〔Marc Woolford (About the Yoga.... yoga is meant for anyone that wishes to improve physical and psychological health )〕 Yoga has roots in India. The foundational text for yoga is the ''Yoga Sutra''. Religious articles from a variety of views and beliefs have been published to try to show that Yoga is leading people from their previous beliefs into eastern religions. Some websites are wholly dedicated to this purpose, under names such as "Yogadangers.com"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Spiritual Dangers of Yoga and Kundalini )〕 Evangelical Christian leader Albert Mohler is a critic of yoga, saying 'the embrace of yoga is a symptom of our postmodern spiritual confusion'. Nearly all types of hatha yoga practices include asana, pranayama and savasana. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「yoga as exercise or alternative medicine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|